Tattvarthasutra (Tattvārthasūtra), attributed to Umasvati / Umasvami.
Chapter 5: the substances, and the media of motion and rest.

Text: Sanskrit Wikisource, तत्त्वार्थसूत्रम्/पञ्चमोऽध्यायः, wikitext via the
MediaWiki API, stripped of markup. URL:
https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/तत्त्वार्थसूत्रम्/पञ्चमोऽध्यायः
Rights: the sutra text is ancient and in the public domain; Wikisource text is
CC BY-SA. Retrieved 2026-09-18.

Date: c. 2nd-5th century CE, contested; the Svetambara tradition names Umasvati
and the Digambara tradition Umasvami, and the two recensions differ in sutra
division and in some readings, so the numbering below is that of THIS text and
may not match an edition of the other recension.

TEXT QUALITY: this transcription carries orthographic slips. Sutra 17 is printed
गतिस्थ्त्युपग्रहौ where editions read गतिस्थित्युपग्रहौ; sutra 27 is printed
भेदादुणुः where editions read भेदादणुः; sutra 8 is printed असंख्योयाः where
editions read असंख्येयाः. The text is kept here as served, and these are
targets for verification against a critical edition.

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Sutra 5.1
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  अजीवकाया धर्माधर्माकाशपुद्गलाः

  Working translation: The non-living bodies are dharma, adharma, space and matter.

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Sutra 5.7
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  निष्क्रियाणि च

  Working translation: Dharma, adharma and each individual soul have innumerable pradesas.

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Sutra 5.11
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  नाणोः

  Working translation: Not of the atom. [The atom has no pradesas.]

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Sutra 5.16
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  प्रदेशसंहार विसर्पाभ्या प्रदीपवत्

  Working translation: By contraction and expansion of pradesas, as with a lamp.

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Sutra 5.17
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  गतिस्थ्त्युपग्रहौ धर्माधर्मयोरुपकारः

  Working translation: The assisting of motion and of rest is the function of dharma and adharma.

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Sutra 5.18
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  आकाशस्यावगाहः

  Working translation: Of space, the giving of room.

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Sutra 5.22
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  वर्तनापरिणामक्रियाः परत्वापरत्वे च कालस्य

  Working translation: Duration, modification, activity, and priority and posteriority, are of time.

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Sutra 5.25
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  अणवः स्कन्धाश्च

  Working translation: Atoms and aggregates [are the kinds of matter].

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Sutra 5.26
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  भेदसंघातेभ्य उत्पद्यन्ते

  Working translation: They arise by division and by combination.

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Sutra 5.27
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  भेदादुणुः

  Working translation: The atom by division [alone].

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