Primary sources
Pre-1901 originals and lawful transcriptions, each with a companion recording route, metadata, extraction, rights, passage anchors and reading coverage. The 53 companions are readable here; each links to the stored text, whose byte identity is registered in docs/SHA256SUMS. Companions state what a source supplies to the research and where its dating or attribution is contested.
H10’s
companion visit, read 2026-09-10, adds Indian contact/traversal,
Chinese solid dissection and statics, and an access-limited Avicennian
passage. Its modern edition and source companions are in
docs/batches/H10/; the
synthesis connects them to fixed-time compatibility.
Each entry stores a public-domain original or a lawful transcription in this directory with a companion that records route, metadata, extraction, rights, passage anchors and reading coverage. Companions lead with what the source supplies to the project. Retrieval date for all batches: 2026-09-08 (H06, H07, H08 on the cut paradox, H09 on its verification and Latin reception).
| Work | Date | Local files | Supplies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Archimedes, Quadrature of the Parabola (Heath) | c. 250 BCE; 1897 | OCR excerpt | Segment equals four-thirds of the inscribed triangle; C001’s lens area |
| Plutarch, De communibus notitiis 39 | c. 100 CE; 1874 | TEI English, Greek text | Democritus’s cone and Chrysippus’s answer; H04/H05 |
| Galileo, Two New Sciences, Fourth Day | 1638; 1914 | OCR excerpt | Projectile path is a semi-parabola; parabola lemmas |
| Gregory, Astronomiae elementa, Praefatio | 1702 | OCR excerpt | Printed witness for the Classical Scholia claims; H02/H03 |
| Berkeley, The Analyst | 1734 | PDF, TeX | Objection to vanishing quantities; H002 context |
| Euler, Methodus inveniendi, Additamentum II | 1744 | OCR excerpt | First variational statement for a trajectory; uniform-gravity parabola |
| Maupertuis, Accord de différentes loix | 1744 | HTML, transcription | Quantity of action for light |
| Maupertuis, Les Loix du mouvement et du repos | 1746 | HTML, transcription | General least-action principle; mass times speed times distance |
| Hamilton, General Method in Dynamics | 1834 | PDF, TeX | Characteristic function and law of varying action |
| Hamilton, Second Essay | 1835 | PDF, TeX | Principal function; canonical equations |
| Jacobi, Vorlesungen über Dynamik, lectures 6–7 | 1842–43; 1866 | OCR excerpt | Fixed-energy principle and the stationarity remark |
| Mach, Science of Mechanics, least action | 1883; 1893 | OCR excerpt | Pre-1901 historical synthesis of the principle |
| Newton, Rules of Reasoning | 1687/1713; 1846 | HTML, transcription | Rule III as the template for a universality premise |
| Newton, Opticks: fits and queries | 1730 | Verbatim excerpt | Interval of the fits as a measured least length, corpuscular impulse, and the determinism that denies M3; Planck-gap work |
| Newton, General Scholium | 1713; 1846 | HTML, transcription | Phenomena, hypotheses and the vortex argument; H02 context |
| Lagrange, Mécanique analytique II.I | 1788/1811; Œuvres XI | HTML, transcription | Survey of the principles of dynamics; least action as a theorem |
| Lagrange, Mécanique analytique II.III | 1788/1811; Œuvres XI | HTML, transcription | Least-action property derived from the general formula, §VI |
| Helmholtz, physical meaning and history of least action | 1886–87; 1895 | OCR excerpt | Least action as the universal law of reversible physics |
| Hertz, Principles of Mechanics, Introduction | 1894; 1899 | HTML, transcription | Three images of mechanics; concealed masses |
| Thomson and Tait, Treatise, §§318–330 | 1867/1879 | OCR excerpt | Varying action and Maupertuis’s principle in the standard textbook form |
| Planck, Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum | Dec. 1900; 1901 | HTML, transcription | Energy elements hν and the first value of h |
| Archimedes, The Method, Heath 1912 | c. 250 BCE; 1912 | OCR text | Democritus’s cone dilemma read as sections; the mechanical method |
| Aristotle, Physics VI.9, Zeno’s arrow | c. 350 BCE; 1879 | OCR excerpt, Greek | Arrow at rest and time composed of nows |
| Diogenes Laertius IX, Zeno | c. 230 CE; 1925 | HTML, transcription | Zeno’s moving-body formula |
| al-Shahrastānī on al-Naẓẓām’s leap | 12th c.; 1850 | OCR excerpt, German | Indivisible parts denied; the leap across a divisible interval |
| Maimonides, Guide I.73 | c. 1190; 1881/1904 | HTML, transcription | Atoms, vacuum and time-atoms of the kalām |
| Zhuangzi 33, Hui Shi’s paradoxes, Legge 1891 | 4th–3rd c. BCE; 1891 | HTML, OCR excerpt | Flying bird, arrowhead and halved stick |
| Mohist Canons A and B with Explanations | 4th–3rd c. BCE | HTML, transcriptions | Endpoint, interval, and the halving that ends at an endpoint |
| Nine Chapters, Liu Hui’s circle cutting | 263 CE | HTML, transcription | Cut until it cannot be cut; exhaustion |
| Vaiśeṣikasūtra: arrow, sound and atom | c. 100 BCE–200 CE | Verbatim excerpt, Sanskrit | The arrow’s flight as many motions carried by an impression; sound produced from sound; the atom below perception; propagation work |
| Vasubandhu, Abhidharmakośabhāṣya: motion and atoms | c. 350–450 CE | Verbatim excerpt, Sanskrit | No motion, because the conditioned is momentary; atoms do not touch; the directional-parts reductio |
| Umāsvāti, Tattvārthasūtra V | c. 2nd–5th c. CE | Verbatim excerpt, Sanskrit | Dharma and adharma as the media that assist motion and rest; the atom has no space-points |
| Laozi 11 and 14, two recensions | strata 4th–3rd c. BCE; Mawangdui 168 BCE | Verbatim excerpt, Chinese | The void as the seat of function; the sensory triad that cannot be examined, with the recension swap that weighs against a Democritean correspondence |
| Diogenes Laertius VII.158 and X.61–62 | 3rd c. CE, quoting Epicurus (341–270 BCE) | Verbatim excerpt | Stoic sound as spherical waves, the water-ring image shared with Praśastapāda; Epicurus on continuity of motion that sense reports and reason denies |
| Plutarch, De facie 923C–D | c. 100 CE | Quotation only; translation in copyright | The moon kept from falling as a stone in a sling: the one ancient argument from the sling, in a work Newton’s Classical Scholia cite |
| Theophrastus, Sextus and Vitruvius | c. 320 BCE – c. 200 CE | Verbatim excerpts, English and Greek | Democritus’s differentiae indexed unevenly to the senses; Diodorus Cronus’s least partless bodies; the voice as spherical waves |
| Galileo, First Day: wheel, indivisibles, bowl and cone, Italian | 1638; 1898, 1914 | OCR excerpt, HTML | Point equal to a circumference at the last cut |
| Cavalieri to Galileo 1621–1622, 1634 reply with Aproino and Santini, 1639–1641 letters | 1621–1641; 1902–1906 | OCR excerpts | All the lines; the bowl-and-cone objection and reply; Torricelli, Rocca, Mersenne |
| Cavalieri, Geometria 1635 and Exercitationes 1647, against Guldin | 1635, 1647 | OCR excerpts, Latin | All the lines; aggregates compared, never composed |
| Guldin, Centrobaryca IV, preface and chapter V | 1641 | 14 page images | Galileo’s Dialogue concludes against Cavalieri; the objections answered in 1647 |
| Aristotle, De generatione I.2, Greek and French 1866 | c. 350 BCE; 1866 | HTML, transcriptions | Divisible everywhere: what remains after the cut |
| Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles III.69 | c. 1264 | HTML, transcription | The Loquentes of the kalām in Latin scholasticism |
| Duns Scotus, Opus Oxoniense II d.2 | c. 1300; 1891 | OCR excerpt, Latin | Time not composed of nows; space not composed of points |
OCR excerpts keep the archive’s text as served, including page headers and recognition errors, so that line anchors stay stable; every formula in them is a target for verification against the scan. Byte identity of each stored file is registered in SHA256SUMS.